Skaði
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For other uses, see
Skadi (disambiguation).
Skadi Hunting in the Mountains (1901) by H. L. M.
In
Norse mythology,
Skaði (sometimes anglicized as
Skadi,
Skade, or
Skathi) is a
jötunn and
goddess associated with
bowhunting,
skiing, winter, and mountains. Skaði is attested in the
Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources; the
Prose Edda and in
Heimskringla, written in the 13th century by
Snorri Sturluson, and in the works of
skalds.
In all sources, Skaði is the daughter of the deceased
Þjazi, and Skaði married the god
Njörðr as part of the compensation provided by the gods for killing her father Þjazi. In
Heimskringla, Skaði is described as having split up with Njörðr and as later having married the god
Odin, and that the two produced many children together. In both the
Poetic Edda and the
Prose Edda, Skaði is responsible for placing the serpent that drips venom onto the bound
Loki. Skaði is alternately referred to as
Öndurguð (Old Norse "ski god") and
Öndurdís (Old Norse "ski
lady").
The etymology of the name
Skaði is uncertain, but may be connected with the original form of
Scandinavia. Some place names in Scandinavia, particularly in
Sweden, refer to Skaði. Scholars have theorized a potential connection between Skaði and the god
Ullr (who is also associated with skiing and appears most frequently in place names in Sweden), a particular relationship with the jötunn
Loki, and that
Scandinavia may be related to the name Skaði (potentially meaning "Skaði's island") or the name may be connected to an Old Norse noun meaning "harm". Skaði has inspired various works of art.
Contents
Etymology
The Old Norse name
Skaði, along with
Sca(n)dinavia and
Skáney, may be related to
Gothic skadus,
Old English sceadu,
Old Saxon scado, and
Old High German scato (meaning "shadow"). Scholar John McKinnell comments that this etymology suggests Skaði may have once been a personification of the geographical region of Scandinavia or associated with the underworld.
[1]
Georges Dumézil disagrees with the notion of
Scadin-avia as etymologically "the island of the goddess Skaði." Dumézil comments that the first element
Scadin must have had—or once had—a connection to "darkness" "or something else we cannot be sure of". Dumézil says that, rather, the name
Skaði derives from the name of the geographical region, which was at the time no longer completely understood. In connection, Dumézil points to a parallel in
Ériu, a goddess personifying
Ireland that appears in some Irish texts, whose name he says comes from
Ireland rather than the other way around.
[2]
Alternatively,
Skaði may be connected with the Old Norse noun
skaði ("harm"),
[3] whence the Icelandic
skaði (“harm, damage”).
Attestations
Skaði is attested in poems found in the
Poetic Edda, in two books of the
Prose Edda and in one
Heimskringla book.
Poetic Edda
Njörðr, Skaði, and Freyr as depicted in
The Lovesickness of Frey (1908) by W. G. Collingwood.
In the
Poetic Edda poem
Grímnismál, the god
Odin (disguised as
Grímnir) reveals to the young
Agnarr the existence of twelve locations. Odin mentions the location
Þrymheimr sixth in a single stanza. In the stanza, Odin details that the jötunn
Þjazi once lived there, and that now his daughter Skaði does. Odin describes Þrymheimr as consisting of "ancient courts" and refers to Skaði as "the shining bride of the gods".
[4] In the prose introduction to the poem
Skírnismál, the god
Freyr has become heartsick for a fair girl (the jötunn
Gerðr) he has spotted in
Jötunheimr. The god
Njörðr asks Freyr's servant
Skírnir to talk to Freyr, and in the first stanza of the poem, Skaði also tells Skírnir to ask Freyr why he is so upset. Skírnir responds that he expects harsh words from their son Freyr.
[5]
In the prose introduction to the poem
Lokasenna, Skaði is referred to as the wife of Njörðr and is cited as one of the goddesses attending
Ægir's feast.
[6] After
Loki has an exchange with the god
Heimdallr, Skaði interjects. Skaði tells Loki that he is "light-hearted" and that Loki will not be "playing [...] with [his] tail wagging free" for much longer, for soon the gods will bind Loki to a sharp rock with the ice-cold entrails of his son. Loki responds that, even if this is so, he was "first and foremost" at the killing of Þjazi. Skaði responds that, if this is so, "baneful advice" will always flow from her "
sanctuaries and plains". Loki responds that Skaði was more friendly in speech when Skaði was in his bed—an accusation he makes to most of the goddesses in the poem and is not attested elsewhere. Loki's
flyting then turns to the goddess
Sif.
[7]
In the prose section at the end of
Lokasenna, the gods catch Loki and bind him with the innards of his son
Nari, while they turn his son
Narfi into a wolf. Skaði places a
venomous snake above Loki's face. Venom drips from the snake and Loki's wife
Sigyn sits and holds a basin beneath the serpent, catching the venom. When the basin is full, Sigyn must empty it, and during that time the snake venom falls on to Loki's face, causing him to writhe in a tremendous fury, so much so that all
earthquakes stem from Loki's writhings.
[8]
In the poem
Hyndluljóð, the female jötunn Hyndla tells the goddess
Freyja various mythological genealogies. In one stanza, Hyndla notes that Þjazi "loved to shoot" and that Skaði was his daughter.
[9]
Prose Edda
In the
Prose Edda, Skaði is attested in two books:
Gylfaginning and
Skáldskaparmál.
Gylfaginning
Njörd's desire of the Sea (1908) by
W. G. Collingwood
Skadi's longing for the Mountains (1908) by W. G. Collingwood
In chapter 23 of the
Prose Edda book
Gylfaginning, the enthroned figure of
High details that Njörðr's wife is Skaði, that she is the daughter of the jötunn Þjazi, and recounts a tale involving the two. High recalls that Skaði wanted to live in the home once owned by her father called Þrymheimr. However, Njörðr wanted to live nearer to the sea. Subsequently, the two made an agreement that they would spend
nine nights in Þrymheimr and then the next three nights in Njörðr's sea-side home
Nóatún (or nine winters in Þrymheimr and another nine in Nóatún according to the
Codex Regius manuscript
[10]). However, when Njörðr returned from the mountains to Nóatún, he said:[indent] "Hateful for me are the mountains, I was not long there, only nine nights. The howling of the wolves sounded ugly to me after the song of the swans."
[11][/indent]
Skaði responded:[indent] "Sleep I could not on the sea beds for the screeching of the bird. That gull wakes me when from the wide sea he comes each morning."
[11][/indent]
The sources for these stanzas are not provided in the
Prose Edda or elsewhere. High says that afterward Skaði went back up to the mountains and lived in Þrymheimr, and there Skaði often travels on skis, wields a bow, and shoots wild animals. High notes that Skaði is also referred to as "ski god" (Old Norse
Öndurgud) or Öndurdis and the "ski lady" (
Öndurdís). In support, the above mentioned stanza from the
Poetic Edda poem
Grímnismál is cited.
[10] In the next chapter (24), High says that "after this", Njörðr "had two children": Freyr and Freyja. The name of the mother of the two children is not provided here.
[12]
At the end of chapter 51 of
Gylfaginning, High describes how the gods caught and bound Loki. Skaði is described as having taken a venomous snake and fastening it above the bound Loki, so that the venom may dip on to Loki's face. Loki's wife Sigyn sat by his side and held a bowl out. The bowl catches the venom, but when the bowl becomes full Loki writhes in extreme pain, causing the earth the shake and resulting in what we know as an earthquake.
[13]
Skáldskaparmál
Skade (1893) by
Carl Fredrik von Saltza
In chapter 56 of the
Prose Edda book
Skáldskaparmál,
Bragi recounts to
Ægir how the gods killed Þjazi. Þjazi's daughter, Skaði, took a helmet, a coat of mail, and "all weapons of war" and traveled to
Asgard, the home of the gods. Upon Skaði's arrival, the gods wished to atone for her loss and offered compensation. Skaði provides them with her terms of settlement, and the gods agree that Skaði may choose a husband from among themselves. However, Skaði must choose this husband by looking solely at their feet. Skaði saw a pair of feet that she found particularly attractive and said "I choose that one; there can be little that is ugly about Baldr." However, the owner of the feet turned out to be Njörðr.
[14]
Skaði also included in her terms of settlement that the gods must do something she thought impossible for them to do: make her laugh. To do so, Loki tied one end of a cord around the beard of a
nanny goat and the other end around his
testicles. The goat and Loki drew one another back and forth, both squealing loudly. Loki dropped into Skaði's lap, and Skaði laughed, completing this part of her atonement. Finally, in compensation to Skaði, Odin took Þjazi's eyes, lunged them into the sky, and from the eyes made two stars.
[14]
Further in
Skáldskaparmál, a work by the
skald Þórðr Sjáreksson is quoted. The poem refers to Skaði as "the wise god-bride" and notes that she "could not love the
Van". Prose below the quote clarifies that this is a reference to Skaði's leaving of Njörðr.
[15] In chapter 16, names for Loki are given, including "wrangler of Heimdall and Skadi".
[16] In chapter 22, Skaði is referenced in the 10th century poem
Haustlöng where the skald
Þjóðólfr of Hvinir refers to an
ox as "bow-string-
Var's [Skaði's] whale".
[17] In chapter 23, the skald
Bragi Boddason refers to Þjazi as the "father of the ski-dis".
[18] In chapter 32, Skaði is listed among six goddesses who attend a party held by Ægir.
[19] In chapter 75, Skaði is included among a list of 27
ásynjur names.
[20]
Heimskringla
In chapter 8 of the
Heimskringla book
Ynglinga saga, Skaði appears in an
euhumerized account. This account details that Skaði had once married Njörðr but that she would not have sex with him, and that later Skaði married Odin. Skaði and Odin had "many sons". Only one of the names of these sons is provided:
Sæmingr, a king of
Norway. Two stanzas are presented by the
skald Eyvindr skáldaspillir in reference. In the first stanza, Skaði is described as a jötunn and a "fair maiden". A portion of the second stanza is missing. The second stanza reads:[indent] . . . Of sea-bones, and sons many the ski-goddess gat with Óthin
[21][/indent]
Lee Hollander explains that "bones-of-the-sea" is a
kenning for "rocks", and believes that this defective stanza undoubtedly referred to Skaði as a "dweller of the rocks" in connection with her association with mountains and skiing.
[21]
Theories
Völsunga saga
A light
snowdrift in the mountains of Norway
Another figure by the name of Skaði who appears in the first chapter of
Völsunga saga. In the chapter, this Skaði—who is male—is the owner of a
thrall by the name of
Breði. Another man,
Sigi—a
son of Odin—went hunting one winter with the thrall. Sigi and the thrall Breði hunted throughout the day until evening, when they compared their kills. Sigi saw that the thrall's kills outdid his own, and so Sigi killed Breði and buried Breði's corpse in a
snowdrift.
[12]
That night, Sigi returned home and claimed that Breði had ridden out into the forest, that he had lost sight of Breði, and that he furthermore did not know what became of the thrall. Skaði doubted Sigi's explanation, suspected that Sigi was lying, and that Sigi had instead killed Breði. Skaði gathered men together to look for Breði and the group eventually found the corpse of Breði in a snowdrift. Skaði declared that henceforth the snowdrift should be called "Breði's drift," and ever since then people have referred to large snow drifts by that name. The fact that Sigi murdered Breði was evident, and so Sigi was considered an outlaw. Led by Odin, Sigi leaves the land, and Skaði is not mentioned again in the saga.
[12]
Scholar
Jesse Byock notes that the goddess Skaði is also associated with winter and hunting, and that the episode in
Volsunga saga involving the male Skaði, Sigi, and Breði has been theorized as stemming from an otherwise lost myth.
[22]
Other
Scholar
John Lindow comments that the episode in
Gylfaginning detailing Loki's antics with a goat may have associations with castration and a ritual involving making a goddess laugh. Lindow notes that Loki and Skaði appear to have had a special relationship, an example being Skaði's placement of the snake over Loki's face in
Lokasenna and
Gylfaginning.[23]
Due to their shared association with skiing and the fact that both place names referring to Ullr and Skaði appear most frequently in Sweden, some scholars have proposed a particular connection between the two gods.
[23] On the other hand,
Skaði may potentially be a masculine form and, as a result, some scholars have theorized that Skaði may have originally been a male deity.
[24]
Scholar
Hilda Ellis Davidson proposes that Skaði's cult may have thrived in
Hålogaland, a province in northern
Norway, because "she shows characteristics of the
Sami people, who were renowned for skiing, shooting with the bow and hunting; her separation from Njord might point to a split between her cult and that of the
Vanir in this region, where Scandinavians and the Sami were in close contact."
[25]
Modern influence
Njörðr and Skaði on the way to Nóatún (1882) by
Friedrich Wilhelm Heine
Modern works of art depicting Skaði include
Skadi und Niurd (illustration, 1883) by K. Ehrenberg and
Skadi (1901) by E. Doepler d. J. Skaði also appears in A. Oehlenschläger's poem (1819)
Skades Giftermaal.
[26] Art deco depictions of both the god
Ullr (1928) and Skaði (1929) appear on covers of the Swedish ski annual
På Skidor, both skiing and wielding bows. E. John B. Allen notes that the deities are portrayed in a manner that "give[s] historical authority to this most important of Swedish ski journals, which began publication in 1893".
[27] A
moon of the planet Saturn (
Skathi) takes its name from that of the goddess.
Taking her name from that of the goddess,
Skadi is the main character in a web comic by Katie Rice and Luke Cormican on the weekly webcomic site Dumm Comics.
[28]
its you man!
Edited by Mason West, 09 August 2012 - 04:58 PM.
18
Mason West, on 06 August 2012 - 09:52 PM, said:
