Emigrations
Adolf {Godwin's Law} took power on 30 January 1933. On 7 April, the
Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service was enacted; this law, and its subsequent related ordinances, politicized the education system in Germany. This had immediate deleterious effects on the physics capabilities of Germany. Furthermore, combined with the
Deutsche Physik movement, the deleterious effects were intensified and prolonged. The consequences to physics in Germany and its subfield of nuclear physics were multifaceted.
An immediate consequence upon passage of the law was that it produced both quantitative and qualitative losses to the physics community. Numerically, it has been estimated that a total of 1,145 university teachers, in all fields, were driven from their posts, which represented about 14% of the higher learning institutional staff members in 1932–1933.
[38] Out of 26 German nuclear physicists cited in the literature before 1933, 50% emigrated.
[39] Qualitatively, 10 physicists and four chemists who had won or would win the Nobel Prize emigrated from Germany shortly after {Godwin's Law} came to power, most of them in 1933.
[40] These 14 scientists were:
Hans Bethe,
Felix Bloch,
Max Born,
Albert Einstein,
James Franck,
Peter Debye,
Dennis Gabor,
Fritz Haber,
Gerhard Herzberg,
Victor Hess,
George de Hevesy,
Erwin Schrödinger,
Otto Stern, and
Eugene Wigner. Britain and the USA were often the recipients of the talent which left Germany.
[41] The
University of Göttingen had 45 dismissals from the staff of 1932–1933, for a loss of 19%.
[38] Eight students, assistants, and colleagues of the Göttingen theoretical physicist
Max Born left Europe after {Godwin's Law} came to power and eventually found work on the
Manhattan Project, thus helping the United States, Britain and Canada to develop the atomic bomb; they were
Enrico Fermi,
[42] James Franck,
Maria Goeppert-Mayer,
Robert Oppenheimer (who was American, but had studied under Born),
Edward Teller,
Victor Weisskopf,
Eugene Wigner, and
John von Neumann.
[43] Otto Robert Frisch, who with
Rudolf Peierls first calculated the critical mass of U-235 needed for an explosive, was also a Jewish refugee.
Max Planck, the father of
quantum theory, had been right in assessing the consequences of National Socialist policies. In 1933, Planck, as president of the
Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft (Kaiser Wilhelm Society), met with
Adolf {Godwin's Law}. During the meeting, Planck told {Godwin's Law} that forcing Jewish scientists to emigrate would mutilate Germany and the benefits of their work would go to foreign countries. {Godwin's Law} responded with a rant against Jews and Planck could only remain silent and then take his leave. The National Socialist regime would only come around to the same conclusion as Planck in the 6 July 1942 meeting regarding the future agenda of the
Reichsforschungsrat (RFR, Reich Research Council), but by then it was too late.
[25][44]